Category: Livestock Marketing

In the southeastern U.S., cattle producers are continually seeking sustainable grazing strategies that will support their cattle herd for a greater number of days and into the winter months.  One method producers use to extend the grazing season is forage stockpiling. This practice involves suspending the use of a grazed pasture for a period to allow the accumulation of the forage in the fall until a killing frost. Stockpiling ensures that there is enough mature pasture available to support the cattle herd, ideally for a month or more, bridging the gap until cool-season forages are grazable and reducing the reliance on supplemental feeds and hay.  

We conducted a two-year on-farm demonstration evaluating the nutritive value and yield of stockpiled bahiagrass across two Alabama locations and stockpiling seasons. In 2023, forage yield in Montgomery County differed significantly from that in St. Clair County (Table 1). The St. Clair producer applied 60 lb N/ac of nitrogen at the onset of stockpiling and stocked fewer cattle (3 head/ac), which likely contributed to greater forage yield and plant height. While no significant differences were observed between locations for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), or total digestible nutrients (TDN); crude protein (CP) was significantly higher in Montgomery (Table 2). This may be attributed to the Montgomery forage remaining in a more vegetative state, whereas bahiagrass at the St. Clair site was more mature and undergrazed.

In 2024, both locations experienced warmer fall temperatures and reduced rainfall during the early stockpiling period. Unlike the previous year, the St. Clair site did not receive fertilizer, and as a result, forage yield was not significantly different between the two locations (Table 1). NDF was significantly higher in Montgomery, indicating reduced dry matter intake potential due to elevated fiber content. ADL levels were also higher in Montgomery, suggesting an increased proportion of indigestible material that can negatively impact forage digestibility. Additionally, TDN were significantly higher in St. Clair, while CP concentrations were greater in Montgomery (Table 2). These findings emphasize how both environmental factors and fertility management influence the yield and quality of stockpiled bahiagrass.

Stockpiling forages provides a cost-effective strategy for winter feeding by reducing the need for hay and supplements while supporting cattle performance. A comparison of feeding systems shows that stockpiled Tifton 85 bermudagrass costs $174.18 per cow, whereas feeding hay and whole cottonseed costs $506.53 per cow, which is nearly three times more (Carol et al., 2022). The higher cost of providing harvested forages is due to expenses of hay, supplements, labor, and machinery (Table 3). In contrast, stockpiling relies on pasture management, with lower input costs aside from nitrogen fertilization and grazing setup. Although this data is based on bermudagrass, similar economic benefits are expected with stockpiled bahiagrass

Table 1. Forage yield (lb DM/ac) and forage heights (in) of stockpiled bahiagrass grown in Montgomery County, AL and St. Clair County, AL

	Montgomery		St. Clair
	2023	2024	2023	2024
Heights (in)	10.9	14.4	12.8	15.1
Yield (lb DM/ac)	2345.5	3989.3	3232.2	3797.5

Table 2. Nutritive values (% DM basis) of stockpiled bahiagrass grown in Montgomery County, AL and St. Clair County, AL

	Montgomery		St. Clair
	2023	2024	2023	2024
NDF (%)	51.1	44.8	51.0	39.7
ADF(%)	25.6	23.7	26.4	23.5
ADL (%)	6.2	7.2	5.1	6.1
TDN (%)	62.6	66.3	62.7	69.3
CP (%)	7.3	7.7	6.9	6.5

Table 3. Comparison of stockpiled Tifton 85 Bermudagrass and Hay and Cottonseed Supplementation on Cow-Calf Winter Feeding

Input	Stockpiled T85	Hay + Supplement
Labor	$16.97	$32.50
Hay	$0	$237.27
6 lb whole cottonseed/head/day	$0	$146.16
50 lb N/acre	$23.91	$0
Grazing cost	$108.80	$0
Machinery costs	$24.50	$90.63
Total expense/cow	$174.18	$506.53

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Hurst, Ashlyn, Kim Mullenix, Leanne Dillard, and Josh Elmore. “From Grass to Gains: Why Stockpiling Bahiagrass Pays Off.” Southern Ag Today 5(22.2). May 27, 2025. Permalink

Friday, May 23^rd, brings us the next USDA Cattle on Feed report.  Most analysts anticipate April’s feedlot marketings to be more than 3 percent smaller than last year, with the same number of working days in April 2025 compared to April 2024.  Fed steer and heifer slaughter has declined dramatically, more than 5 percent from year-ago levels, over the last six weeks.  

Saturday slaughter is often used as a measure of capacity utilization.  Fewer animals processed on Saturdays indicates declining capacity utilization or over capacity.  Declining cattle numbers mean that fewer may be processed on other days of the week.  Daily slaughter should suggest some thoughts about the ability of current packing plants to remain open in future months as cattle numbers contract.

Over the last 6 weeks, steer and heifer slaughter has averaged 58,671 head on Fridays, down from 85,958 head during the first quarter of the year.  Other days of the week have remained relatively close to the average during the first quarter of the year and compared to all of 2024.  It appears that overall, packers are dealing with fewer cattle numbers by maintaining capacity on Monday through Thursday, even increasing head per day in the middle of the week, while sharply cutting back on Friday.  

The decline in fed steer and heifer slaughter, even combined with historically heavy dressed weights, has certainly supported fed cattle prices to new record highs in recent weeks.  Grilling season beef demand has pulled the market even higher.  Feeder cattle and calf prices have gone along for the ride.  The cattle on feed report will provide another indication of how tight fed cattle supplies will be in the next few months.  Fewer cattle on feed will continue the trend of reduced Friday slaughter and may lead to reductions on other days, as well.  

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Anderson, David. “Working Less on Friday!” Southern Ag Today 5(21.2). May 20, 2025. Permalink

The U.S. closed the border to Mexican cattle again on May 11, 2025.  This closure is the next round following the closure in late November 2024 and reopening in February 2025.  The closure was prompted by continued expansion in screwworm cases in Southern Mexico.  Additionally, new cases were reported as far North (or West as you read the map) as the states of Veracruz, Oaxaca, and Tabasco.  The narrowest part of Mexico, geographically the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, has been considered an important line of defense because this is where the country begins to widen. The widening area leads to more land area to treat, making effective control that much more difficult.

Since the border was reopened to cattle in February, feeder cattle imports rebounded to about 20,000 head per week.  Imports have remained below 2024 and the previous five-year average.  Additional inspection and quarantine regulations likely slowed the pace of imports, as well as not all ports of entry operating for cattle.  Only 4 of the 11 ports of entry for cattle have been operating.  For example, of the six Texas ports of entry, only Presidio had cattle crossing since the border was reopened.  Santa Teresa, New Mexico is the largest cattle port of entry, and it had been operating since the week of February 8, 2025.

Feeder cattle imports from Mexico peak seasonally in the Spring and Fall.  Over the 10 years from 2015-2024, feeder cattle imports from Mexico averaged 5.2 percent of feedlot placements into feedlots with over 1,000 head capacity.  Presumably, most of those cattle are placed into feedlots in Texas and the Southwest.  Annual feeder cattle from Mexico was the equivalent of  18.0 percent of annual feedlot placements in Texas, Oklahoma, Arizona, and California over the 2015-2024 period.  

The loss of feeder cattle imports will further tighten feeder cattle supplies.  Already record high calf prices will likely see some more upward pressure.  The loss of these cattle will further pressure feedlots in the Southwest as well. 

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Anderson, David. “Screwworms, Part II.” Southern Ag Today 5(20.2). May 13, 2025. Permalink

Last week, the 5-area market weighted average fed steer price topped $220 per cwt for the first time on record. This was a $35 increase from a year ago and up $20 per cwt since the start of the year. The CME June Live Cattle futures contract closed above $213 per cwt on Monday – also a record high for that contract. Looking across a longer time frame, the trends of fed cattle weights and beef quality grades over time are interesting. As shown on the dressed weight chart, fed cattle dressed weights have increased over time. Technological advances in raising cattle have allowed the sector to produce more beef per head. The chart shows a few years of declining weights and seasonal patterns within years, but the general trend is increasing fed steer weights over time. Assuming a 62.5 percent average dressing percentage, a 950-pound dressed weight would equal a 1,520-pound live weight. Larger weights in 2024 boosted beef supplies to offset fewer head processed. 

Another interesting (and related) trend is that of quality grades over time. The grading percent chart shows the percentages of fed cattle grading Prime, Choice, and Select weekly since 1998. Choice carcasses represented about 50-55 percent of the cattle in the 2000s but have more recently been hovering in the 75 percent range. Meanwhile, the percentage of cattle grading select has declined from roughly 35 percent in the early 2000s to less than 15 percent in recent years. Genetic improvements, cow-calf and stocker management practices, and feedlot technologies have played roles in this increase. It is also worth noting the more recent increase in carcasses grading prime. For the past few weeks, more cattle have graded prime than select. About 3-4 percent of cattle graded prime in the 2000s compared to 10-12 percent in recent years. 

Maples, Josh. “Cattle Prices Hit New Highs and Carcass Grading Trends Over Time.” Southern Ag Today 5(19.2). May 6, 2025. Permalink

The cattle market has experienced a lot of volatility in recent weeks, especially in the futures market, due to tariff announcements and recession fears.  But, prices have rebounded since the first tariff announcements due to fundamental market conditions.  Those fundamental conditions include tight supplies of cattle, relatively low feed prices, and grilling season.

Live fed steer prices weighted across all grades averaged $207.70 per cwt the week of April 13^th, following the flood of tariff announcements.  Prices quickly rebounded to over $212 per cwt. in the ensuing weeks after averaging over $211 per cwt for the three weeks prior to the tariff announcements. Calf and feeder cattle markets across the South experienced price declines during that same week.  Georgia auction 500-600 pound steers dropped about $7 per cwt from early April to the week of April 12^th before rebounding to $368 per cwt.  Mississippi auctions experienced a more dramatic decline, dropping $13 per cwt before recapturing about half of the decline.  

Beef production remains relatively close to last year.  From January through April 26, beef production is equal to last year.  But over the last month production is down 1.3 percent compared to last year.  Using the daily slaughter data, fed steer and heifer slaughter is down 2.8 percent in April compared to last April.  Heavier weights are continuing to keep beef production high relative to what steer and heifer slaughter would suggest. This is further showcased by the growth in cattle grading prime relative to select. Since March 15, there has been a higher percentage of fed cattle grading prime (about 12 percent) than there has select (about 11.3 percent). 

One thing worth watching, that we will monitor in coming SAT’s, is weekly U.S. exports of beef to China.  Tariffs appear to have severely damaged exports in the early reported weekly export data.  For the week of April 17^th,the U.S. exported only 186 metric tons of beef to China.  That is the smallest weekly exports since March 2020 at the beginning of Covid.  Exports for the week of April 10th totaled 1,431 metric tons.  China has been our 3^rdlargest export market for beef, following Japan and South Korea.  Tariffs appear to have impacted U.S. pork exports similarly. So far, the other fundamentals have overshadowed the impact of reduced trade to China, but that might not be the case for the rest of the year.   

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Anderson, David. “Volatility and Fundamentals.” Southern Ag Today 5(18.2). April 29, 2025. Permalink