Category: Livestock Marketing

The latest Cattle on Feed Report raised some eyebrows, showing a slight (0.6 percent) increase in feedlot inventory from last year. Placements of cattle on feed were up about 6 percent driven by higher 700-900 pound placements. In the current setting of tighter supplies and smaller calf crops, many might be rightfully surprised to see an increase in cattle inventory numbers. However, there is plenty to unpack in this report that has both short-term and long-term implications for cattle markets. 

My first big takeaway is the strong number of heifers on feed. The quarterly breakdown of steers vs. heifers on feed was released with this report and showed that 40 percent of feedlot inventories were heifers. This is the highest percentage in over 20 years and indicates that producers continue to send many heifers to feed instead of retaining for reproduction. There are two sides to this: (1) heifers are helping to boost inventories now which could be viewed somewhat negatively for prices in the short term but also (2) fewer heifers retained means a smaller calf crop next year which can be viewed as supporting high price levels in the longer term. To me, this report shut down any ideas that herd expansion is happening or will happen in 2023, that discussion will shift toward whether expansion occurs in 2024. 

The increase in placements is interesting because it likely reflects producers selling now to take advantage of strong markets but also some producers being forced to sell feeder cattle a little earlier than expected due to expanding drought in many areas. Looking ahead at price expectations, it is worth noting that the current strong market prices have not really reflected herd rebuilding efforts yet. The rebuilding phase will include holding back more heifers which will mean fewer heifers sold as feeder cattle. Combined with smaller calf crops as a whole, this will be the point when feeder cattle supplies get really tight and prices have the strongest supply-side support. 

While the vast majority of beef produced in the U.S. is consumed domestically, international markets are a significant piece of the U.S. beef system. For perspective, the U.S. exported the equivalent of about 12.5% of its beef production during 2022, while importing roughly 12%. This was a fairly typical balance of trade, especially for a year with high beef production levels like last year. However, as beef production is on track to see a significant drop in 2023, trade patterns are also being impacted.

Through August, exports of U.S. beef are down by 14% from the first eight months of 2022. A drop of that magnitude certainly warrants some question but is largely a case of year-over-year comparison being a little misleading. For the first two quarters of 2023, beef production was about 4% lower than 2022. With lower production levels, a larger share of U.S. production will be consumed domestically. Additionally, high price levels are also making imports of U.S. beef less attractive in many countries. For example, exports to our three largest destinations (South Korea, Japan, and China) are all down sharply so far this year.

The same factors that have led to lower export levels have also led to an increase in U.S. beef imports. Through the first eight months of the year, U.S. beef imports are up by a little over 5%. The largest percentage increases are in beef imports from Australia, New Zealand, and Uruguay, which are primarily sources of lean trim to go into ground beef. Unlike 2022 when the U.S. was a slight net exporter of beef, we are very much on track to be a significant net importer in 2023. Through August, U.S. beef imports have exceeded exports by more than 20%.

This trend towards increased imports and decreased exports is likely to continue for the next few years. Given that this calf crop is smaller than last year’s calf crop, beef production is likely to decrease in 2024. And given expectations for lower beef cow inventory next year, I would expect beef production to be lower again in 2025. The same supply fundamentals supporting strong cattle prices are resulting in a significant shift in the balance of trade for beef. And as beef supplies get increasingly tighter over the next couple of years, we are likely to see an ever greater divergence between imports and exports.

Burdine, Kenny. “Balance of Trade Has Shifted as Beef Production has Decreased.” Southern Ag Today 3(42.2). October 17, 2023. Permalink

Cow culling, as indicated by the weekly cow slaughter data, is starting to increase going into the last quarter of the year but cow slaughter normally peaks in the Fall because that’s when more beef cow culling decisions are made.  For the week ending September 23^rd, the last data available, 127,600 cows went to federally inspected plants, the largest week since the last week of June.  For the year, cow slaughter has totaled 4.8 million head, 5.6 percent less than last year. 

The total cow slaughter data masks the different seasonal patterns for beef cows and dairy cows.  Beef cow slaughter typically peaks in the Fall and is at its lowest around February-March.  Beef cow slaughter is down 13.4 percent compared to a year ago.  The data is reported by region with Region 6 including Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Arkansas.  The rest of the South (except Virginia) are reported in Region 4.  Beef cow slaughter in Regions 4 and 6 are 4.9 and 19.3 percent lower than last year, respectively.  Cow culling in the deep South has not fallen as much as the average across the country, while slaughter in the western part of the South has fallen faster than the average.  That may suggest some ability or willingness to try to expand herds in different parts of the region.

Dairy cow slaughter typically peaks in the January-March period.  Low milk prices and margins have triggered more culling this year with dairy cow slaughter 4.6 percent higher than last year.  Higher prices and improving margins over the last 3 weeks have finally pulled down dairy slaughter below a year ago.

Cull cow prices appear to have topped out seasonally and are starting to decline.  Southern Plains auction prices declined to $72 per cwt last week, their lowest since June.  While tight beef supplies are keeping prices high, the cull market loses the impact of grilling season demand once we are past Labor Day.  

What to Watch For?

Even though beef cow culling normally increases this time of the year, watch for weekly slaughter relative to last year and the 5-year average.  The opportunity to begin herd expansion may begin with a smaller Fall run of cows this year, maybe even with a couple of weeks below the 5-year average.  We most likely saw the biggest weekly beef cow slaughter of the year back in January.  On the dairy side, watch for slaughter to remain below the 5-year average in the coming weeks.  Have enough dairy cows been culled to support a path to profitable production?  Can some cows be profitably held over the winter to take advantage of seasonal price increases next year with the added bonus of improved weight and quality along with, maybe, a calf to sell too?

Anderson, David. “Cow Culling Climbing Seasonally.” Southern Ag Today 3(41.2). October 10, 2023. Permalink

While the overall demand for chicken remains strong, a couple of production trends caught my attention last year that have continued into 2023. It seems there could be a new “normal” in the broiler industry – fewer chicks hatched per broiler-breeder hen placed. Breeder hens produce the fertile eggs that will be hatched to produce the broilers that are eventually slaughtered for chicken products. Figure 1 shows roughly a 6% drop from the long-term average in chicks hatched per hen per month. Multiplied across the industry’s breeder farms, that could result in millions fewer chicks per year. This could be caused by any number of factors. Whatever the cause, the industry needs the chicks to keep up with demand for chicken. To offset this loss, figure 2 shows that about 8% more hens are currently in the field than in the past. One could argue that this is the easy solution to make up the difference. However, that solution eventually requires additional breeder housing. That leads to a difficult economic situation for commercial poultry companies and their contract growers. 

In my last article for SAT, I discussed the increasing cost of broiler housing and its impact on growers’ ability to build new farms or expand existing farms. Breeder growers are facing similar challenges. A typical breeder farm today consists of four to eight 40’ x 500’ houses with enclosed concrete hallways between the houses and cooled egg storage facilities. In addition to the normal environmental control systems, these farms have specialized equipment like nesting boxes, egg conveyors and split feeding / drinking areas for hens and roosters. The structures are also specialized for the task of keeping large hens and roosters comfortable and producing fertile eggs for 40+ weeks. To contend with labor shortages, growers and integrators have had to adopt labor saving equipment for egg collection and crating. All such specialized housing and equipment comes at a premium. Add the general increase in building materials and labor costs over the last few years and the resulting cost of a new four-house breeder farm in the southeast today is $32.50 per square foot or approximately $2.6 million or more. This does not include the cost of the land itself, extensive land prep, or any cost for ancillary equipment. 

For example, if we assume a USDA Farm Services Agency guaranteed loan that reduces equity requirements down to 10% and include estimated additional costs and fees, a grower will need to borrow approximately $2,795,000 to get a new four house breeder farm up and running on land they already own. The corresponding annual payment (20-year loan, 8% APR) would be approximately $284,677. At an average annual income of $4.60 per square foot for new breeder farms (ref 2), the annual gross revenue would be $368,000. Annual operating expenses have been shown to cost approximately 25% of gross revenue on new breeder farms, or in this case, $92,000 per year. This leads to a shortfall in net revenue of ($8,677) per year for the grower. Integrators have recognized this is an untenable situation for growers and a barrier to obtaining additional breeder housing. In response, some have offered direct cash incentives that lower the effective cost of the new houses while others include additional pay per dozen eggs for new housing. These direct cash incentives must decrease loan amounts and increase net revenue to meet the typical bank requirement of a 1.30 debt service ratio if new loans are to be made. In the scenario depicted in table 1, a cash incentive of $7.00 per square foot combined with a revenue equal to $4.82 per square foot would result in a positive net return, meet debt service requirements, and allow for new farms to be built. It remains to be seen whether such incentives would support enough new housing to overcome what could become a serious challenge for some companies.  

Figure 1:

Figure 2.

Table 1.

Four New 40′ x 500′ Breeder Houses		No Incentive	Incentive
Incentive Payment	$7.00 per Square Foot	$0	$560,000
New Farm Loan	20-year, 8% APR, 10% Eq.	$2,795,000	$2,215,400
Interest Paid Over Loan Period		$2,898,538	$2,297,468
Gross Revenue per Square Foot		$4.60	$4.82
Annual Gross Revenue		$368,000	$385,336
Annual Loan Payment		($284,677)	($225,643)
Annual Operating Expenses	25% of Gross Revenue	($92,000)	($92,000)
Annual Net Return		($8,677)	$41,923
Debt Service Ratio		0.97	1.30

Ref: 

1. Livestock Marketing Information Center: www.lmic.info
2. New Farmer’s Guide to the Commercial Broiler Industry: Farm Types & Estimated Business Returns: www.aces.edu/blog/topics/farming/new-farmers-guide-to-the-commercial-broiler-industry-farm-types-estimated-business-returns/

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Brothers, Dennis. “New Commercial Poultry Breeder Housing Under Economic Stress.” Southern Ag Today 3(40.2). October 3, 2023. Permalink

What’s the price of hay? An adage that I often hear is that all markets are local. This is especially true for the hay market.  Numerous factors influence the local price of hay including but not limited to supply and demand, weather, quality, storage, age, variety, and delivery costs. In other words, the answer to what’s the price of hay is “it depends!”

Figure 1, Monthly Hay Price Received (excluding Alfalfa) from January 2021 through July of 2023 shows the average price of hay for selected states and the U.S. average. Hay prices for the states of Kentucky, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas are included. These are the states that have monthly hay prices reported by USDA NASS Quick Stats. 

Keep in mind the adage that all markets are local, especially the hay market.  Hay is trucked from where it is plentiful and cheaper to where it’s in short supply.  Shipping and arbitrage makes hay prices move together.  The Missouri and Oklahoma hay prices, on average, are 40% and 46% respectively, lower than the U.S. average hay price. The Kentucky and Texas prices trend very close to the U.S. average price.  The effect of summer drought in Texas and the Southwestern areas of the U.S. is reflected by the increased hay prices across all the states and the U.S. at the beginning of the summer of 2022.

These monthly prices from USDA NASS can be useful in looking at season and/or long-term trends. For more timely prices check weekly hay prices at:

https://www.ams.usda.gov/market-news/hay-reports

Runge, Max. “All Markets are Local.” Southern Ag Today 3(39.2). September 26, 2023. Permalink